Specific heat of hydrated lysozyme, water's contribution to its dynamics, and criteria for glass formation of biomaterials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies of the dynamics of hydrated proteins had shown a feature resembling an exceptionally broad glass-softening endotherm. Its onset temperature, denoted as T(g), was indefinable in one calorimetric study of hydrated lysozyme and was in the 148-218 K range in another study, depending upon hydration. Other methods reported this T(g) as ~170 K. We argue that glass-formation of biomaterials should be studied by measuring a property on both the cooling and heating paths and it should be ascertained (i) that there is thermal hysteresis of the measured property, (ii) that the real and imaginary components of a dynamic property obey the Kramers-Kronig relations, and (iii) that there is an effect of annealing that is consistent with the glass phenomenology. We report the real and imaginary components of the dynamic specific heat, C(p)' and C(p)", of dry and two hydrated lysozyme samples on the cooling and the heating paths as well as the effects of annealing and changing the frequency. For the most hydrated (34.6 g water per 100 g lysozyme) sample, C(p,app) does not show thermal hysteresis in the 160-230 K range, C(p)' varies in a sigmoid-shape manner with T while C(p)" remains close to zero, and there is no effect of annealing. We interpret these findings in terms of continuous development of ice-like aggregates of immobile H2O as more H-bonds form on cooling, and continuous deterioration of the aggregates on heating. As the equilibrium constant between the aggregates and mobile H2O increases on cooling, configurational degrees of freedom of H2O molecules and lysozyme segments decrease. Consequently, the net change in enthalpy is small but the change in C(p) is large. Mobility of the lysozyme segments still depends upon the mobility of H2O molecules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".