Agglomeration of Bitumen-Coated Coke Particles in Fluid Cokers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simplified mathematical model is proposed to determine the agglomeration tendency of bitumen-coated coke particles in fluid cokers. The model calculates a theoretical critical velocity that depends on key parameters such as the particle size, bitumen viscosity, and bitumen thickness; it also accounts for the temperature- and reaction-dependent variations of the bitumen thickness and viscosity. A peak theoretical critical velocity at the intermediate reaction times for all coking temperatures is predicted. By comparing this peak critical velocity with the estimated inter-particle collision velocities within an industrial-scale reactor, the agglomeration tendency of coke particles is determined within fluid cokers. The results show that at low temperature regions (T=400 °C), there is no agglomeration tendency; however, at high coking temperatures (T=503 and 530 °C), substantial agglomeration tendency is expected. It is also found that the number of coke particles constituting an agglomerate could be as high as a few hundreds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".