Bactericidal Properties of Acidified (pH 2.0), Concen-trated (27%) NaCl (ACS), a Potentially Useful Agent for Locking Hemodialysis Catheters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between dialyses, the catheter lumens are commonly locked with heparin (H), which does not prevent bacterial growth. Trisodium citrate (TSC) has been used as a locking agent because of its anticoagulant effects and suggested bactericidal properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal properties of ACS as a potential locking agent in the air-bubble locking method (Twardowski ZJ et al. Air-bubble method of locking central-vein catheter: A pilot study. Hemodial Int. Abstracts, 2003; 7: this issue). ACS does not induce formation of resistant strains, and is harmless if a small amount (0.5–1.5 ml) is incidentally injected. Other bactericidal agents, such as Chlorhexidine (Ch), povidone iodine (PI), TSC, and sodium hypochlorite (SH) are harmful if incidentally injected. Bactericidal properties of ACS were compared to 27% NaCl, normal saline (NS) bacteriostatic NS (BNS), 1% SH, 0.057% SH, 46% TSC, 23% TSC, H 5000 units/ml, H 10,000 units/ml diluted with BNS to 5000 units/ml, 4% Ch, and 10% PI. Effects on 8 organisms were studied: S. aureus, penicillin and methicillin resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. The organisms were prepared following the manufacturers’ protocols with a final concentration of 107–108 cfu/ml for bacteria and 104–105 cfu/ml for yeast. Following standard microbiological technique, a 10-μl loop of preparation was added to 1 ml of each of the solutions. A sample of each solution was removed and plated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs. All plates were subsequently counted 24 hrs after plating. Eight to eleven samples of each organism were tested on each solution. ACS, PI, 0.057% SH, and Ch, killed bacteria in 90%, 69%, 68%, and 61%, of samples immediately (at 0 hr); 100% of samples from these solutions showed no growth at 24 hrs. Only 1–5% of samples from other solutions showed no growth at 0 hr. All samples from BNS and 1% SH showed no growth at 24 hrs; samples taken from other solutions showed growth in 17–68% samples at 24 hrs. The percent of sterile samples taken from the latter solutions gradually increased with time, probably due to lack of nutrients. We conclude that ACS may be useful as a bactericidal agent for the air-bubble method of central-vein catheter locking. Bactericidal properties of 46% and 23% TSC were not confirmed in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".