Clubroot in Australia: the history and impact of <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> in <i>Brassica</i> crops and research efforts directed towards its control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractPlasmodiophora brassicae, the obligate biotrophic plant pathogen causing clubroot of Brassica crops, has been present in Australia since the 1890s. The disease spread rapidly in vegetable Brassica crops, causing widespread losses during the 1980s and 1990s due to the increasing intensity of Brassica production and the extensive use of transplants. In response to the escalating problems caused by this disease in vegetable Brassica crops, a survey and pilot studies were initiated in 1993. This grew to become a coordinated national programme delivering clubroot research, development and extension to the Brassica industry until 2010. The key outcome of the programme was reduced crop losses through more effective and sustainable management of clubroot. This was achieved by the development and implementation of integrated, disease management strategies involving the use of good farm and nursery hygiene, early disease detection, application of lime (as calcium oxide) to maintain soil alkalinity, use of calcium and boron fertilizers, and strategic application of fungicides. Successful use of these integrated strategies reduced industry reliance on soil fumigants for disease control. This review details the history and impact of clubroot in Australia and research efforts directed towards its control.RésuméPlasmodiophora brassicae, l’agent pathogène biotrophique obligatoire des plantes qui cause la hernie dans les cultures du genre Brassica, est connu en Australie depuis les années 1980. La maladie s’est répandue rapidement chez les légumes de la famille des crucifères à cause de l’intensification de la production des plantes appartenant à ce genre et de l’utilisation à grande échelle de plants repiqués, ce qui a engendré des pertes considérables dans les années 1980 et 1990. En 1993, à la suite des problèmes sans cesse croissants causés par la hernie chez ces légumes, une étude et des projets pilotes ont été lancés. Cette initiative s’est transformée en programme national coordonné qui a permis de transmettre aux différents acteurs de l’industrie les résultats vulgarisés des recherches appliquées menées sur la hernie, et ce, jusqu’en 2010. Une des principales conséquences du programme a été la réduction des pertes par une gestion plus efficace et durable de la maladie. Cela a été accompli en développant et en appliquant des stratégies de lutte intégrée ayant recours à de bonnes pratiques d’hygiène tant à la ferme qu’à la pépinière, à la détection hâtive de la maladie, au chaulage (avec de l’oxyde de calcium) pour maintenir l’alcalinité des sols, à l’utilisation de fertilisants à base de calcium et de bore ainsi qu’à des applications stratégiques de fongicides. Les succès obtenus grâce à ces stratégies ont poussé les producteurs à délaisser les fumigants de sol. Cet article raconte en détail l’histoire et les répercussions de la hernie en Australie ainsi que les efforts consentis pour l’éradiquer.Keywords: clubroot controlgene expressionhost responsesintegrated disease controlmolecular detectionsalicylic acidsystemic acquired resistanceMots clés: Lutte contre la herniedétection moléculairerésistance systémique acquiseacide salicyliqueexpression génétiqueréponse de l’hôtelutte intégrée contre les maladies AcknowledgementsWe gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all who were involved with the Australian clubroot research programme over many years. The programme was funded by vegetable growers through the research and development levy, Horticulture Australia Ltd. and the Victorian Department of Primary Industries with co-contributions from other state government departments, universities and industry organizations such as fertilizer, seed and chemical companies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".