Two-Phase Cooling Characteristics of Mono-Dispersed Droplets Impacted on a Heated Surface
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Droplet impact cooling has been shown to be a promising method for high heat flux removal applications. Recent experimental studies have revealed that even higher heat transfer at low mass fluxes and low Weber number can be achieved with only few degrees of superheat. In the present work, mono-dispersed droplet cooling of a horizontal upward facing heated surface was investigated at low Weber numbers. The impact velocity and frequency of free falling stream of droplets were varied dependently through changing the gap between the heated surface and tip of different capillaries and variation of volumetric flow rate (0.5–4.7 cc/min).The range of impact velocity and droplet frequency was ranged between 0.28 to 1.3 m/s and 0.5 Hz to 5 Hz, respectively using different capillaries size between 17g to 22g. The coolant was 25°C deionized water and all the experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure. The time-averaged two-phase characteristic curves were obtained up to Critical Heat Flux (CHF)-regime. Through the extensive set of experiments, two separate correlations are proposed to predict the average CHFs based on the Weber between 3<We<10, 10<We<100 and Strouhal number ranged and 6.35×10−3<St<3.88×10−2 1.81×10−3<St<3.86×10−2, respectively. The correlation predicts the average CHFs with absolute errors less than 20% and 25%, respectively.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it