Retention of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in Wheat Seedlings during Storage and in Vitro Digestion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The retention of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in Red Spring wheat seedlings during storage and in vitro protein digestion was evaluated toward assessing the efficacy of plant PAL as a dietary supplement for patients suffering from the metabolic disease, phenylketonuria. Retention of PAL activity in freeze-dried wheat seedling tissues following three months of storage at -20 degrees C ranged from 62% in the leaf to 89% in root/residual seed tissues. After a 3-h two-stage ("gastric-intestinal") in vitro digestion, 36% and 42% recovery of PAL activity was associated with chopped fresh leaf and root/residual seed tissues respectively; however, no activity was recovered from freeze-dried tissues. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the residual phenylalanine (Phe) after in vitro digestion confirmed that the fresh tissues effected a significantly higher conversion of exogenous Phe than freeze-dried tissues. These results demonstrate that the plant cell walls provide protection of PAL during in vitro digestion. In cases where exogenous Phe (100 mg; 24 mM) was supplied to the tissues, the product of the reaction, trans-cinnamic acid, may have exerted a significant inhibitory effect on PAL activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".