Dose minimization study of single‐dose epidural morphine in patients undergoing hip surgery under regional anesthesia with bupivacaine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In order to decrease the rate of adverse effects, we aimed to identify the lowest analgesic dose of epidural morphine administered to patients undergoing hip surgery. METHODS: Forty-five ASA I-II children undergoing surgical correction of hip dysplasia under caudal or epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine were randomized to receive epidural morphine 11.2, 15 or 20 microg.kg(-1) (groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 15 patients per group) immediately after completion of surgery. Postoperative pain control, sedation, motor block, urinary retention, pruritus and vomiting were evaluated. RESULTS: In the recovery room, 46.7% of patients from group 1, 33.3% from group 2, and 93.3% from group 3 were sleeping but were easy to arouse (x(2) = 12.2; P < 0.005). The rest of the patients from each respective group were completely asleep. The cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were within normal limits. The ability to move the legs returned approximately 1 h after surgery in all three groups. Seven patients (46.7%) from group 1, nine (60%) from group 2, and 13 patients (86.7%) from group 3 vomited (x(2) = 5.4; P = 0.06). One patient receiving 20 microg.kg(-1) morphine experienced urinary retention. One patient receiving 15 microg.kg(-1) morphine suffered from pruritus. The duration of analgesia was similar, 12-14 h, in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing hip surgery under regional anesthesia with bupivacaine, epidural morphine at a dose of 11.2 microg.kg(-1) administered immediately after completion of the procedure resulted in adequate pain relief for more than 12 h. Explanation of the high rate of patients vomiting (>45%) remains to be elucidated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".