Monte Carlo for the NCD phase of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the third phase of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) experiment an array of 3 He proportional counters was added deployed in the heavy-water volume of the SNO detector. This Neutral-Current Detection (NCD) Array detected the neutrons from the neutral-current interaction of 8 B solar neutrinos with deuterium. Before we can determine the neutrino flux we must separate the neutron-capture pulses from pulses due to alpha particles and instrumental backgrounds. We have created a unique, detailed simulation of the current pulses from the proportional counters that includes energy straggling, ion drift, electron diffusion, space charge, and electronics effects. We have conducted extensive studies to determine the accuracy of the simulation. In the solar neutrino analysis the NCD Monte Carlo is used to determine the energy spectrum of the alpha background, as well as the applicable systematic effects. In the near future it will be used to fit the data pulses to separate neutron-capture and alpha pulses. With this pulse-shape analysis method the differences between pulse characteristics can be associated directly with the physical mechanisms of track formation and charge motion in the counter gas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".