Akebono/Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer observations of low‐energy ion outflow: Dependence on magnetic activity and solar wind conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present observations by the Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer (SMS) on Akebono (EXOS‐D) of ion outflow in the energy range from <1 to ∼70 eV. These observations cover a unique region of phase space and present an opportunity to “tie together” observations from disparate satellites. Variation of the total hemispheric O + and H + outflow rates with solar radio flux (monitored by the Penticton F 10.7 index), with geomagnetic activity (monitored by the Kp index), and with solar wind parameters is discussed. Comparisons of F 10.7 and Kp trends to results from Polar and Dynamics Explorer‐1 (DE‐1) lead us to conclude that flows of H + in this low energy range are entirely sufficient to account for higher‐energy flows at higher altitudes. On the other hand, we infer a substantial amount of O + at energies above 70 eV. Both H + and O + outflow rates in this range exhibit a strong correlation with the solar wind kinetic pressure, the solar wind electric field, and the variability in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the hour preceding. While these factors are also associated with increased geomagnetic activity ( Kp ), a separate, Kp ‐independent effect is also found, showing a correlation of ion outflow with solar wind density and an anticorrelation with solar wind velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".