Laser Flash Photolysis Studies on the First Superoxide Thermal Source. First Direct Measurements of the Rates of Solvent-Assisted 1,2-Hydrogen Atom Shifts and a Proposed New Mechanism for This Unusual Rearrangement<sup>1</sup>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal decomposition of bis(4-carboxybenzyl)hyponitrite (SOTS-1) in aerated water under physiological conditions has previously been shown to give the superoxide radical anion in a yield of 40 mol % (Ingold, K. U.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc . 1997, 119, 12364). The absolute kinetics of the elementary reactions involved in the cascade of events leading from the first-formed water-soluble benzyloxyl radical to superoxide have been determined by laser flash photolysis. On the basis of these kinetics it is concluded that SOTS-1 will be suitable for studies of superoxide-induced oxidative stress in most biological systems. A water-assisted 1,2-H shift converting benzyloxyl into the benzyl ketyl radical is an important step in the above reaction cascade. The kinetics of the 1,2-H shift assisted by H 2 O, D 2 O, and a number of nucleophilic alcohols have been measured for the first time. These data have led to a proposed new mechanism involving the initial formation of a ketyl radical anion and an oxonium cation which generally collapse to give the neutral ketyl radical as the first observable product on the time scale of our experiments (ca. 80 ns).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it