Bench-Scale Investigation of Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand Kinetics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A vital design parameter for any in situ chemical oxidation system using permanganate (MnO4-) is the natural oxidant demand (NOD), a concept that represents the consumption of MnO4- by the naturally present reduced species in the aquifer solids. The data suggest that the NOD of the aquifer material from Canadian Forces Base Borden used in our study is controlled by a fast or instantaneous reaction captured by the column experiments, and a slower reaction as demonstrated by both column and batch test data. These two reaction rates may be the result of the reaction of MnO4- with at least two different reduced species exhibiting widely different rates of permanganate consumption (fast rate >7 g of MnO4- as KMnO4/kg/day and slow rate of approximately 0.005 g/kg/day), or a physically/chemically rate-limited single species. The slow NOD reaction prevented fulfillment of the ultimate NOD during the days- to months-long batch experiments and allowed significant early MnO4- breakthrough (>98%) during transport in the column experiments. A large fraction of the organic carbon resisted oxidation over the 21-week duration of the batch experiments. This result demonstrates that NOD estimated from total organic carbon measurements can significantly overpredict the NOD value required in the design of an in situ chemical oxidation application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".