Catalytic Pyrolysis of Gas Oil Derived from Canadian Oil Sands Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The catalytic pyrolysis behaviors of gas oil derived from Canadian oil sands bitumen over catalyst CEP-1 in a confined fluidized bed reactor have been investigated in the present paper. The effect of reaction temperature, catalyst-to-oil weight ratio, steam-to-oil weight ratio, and residence time of oil gas on product distribution was researched. The results show that the optimal reaction temperature, weight ratios of catalyst to oil and steam to oil, and residence time of oil gas are about 660 °C, 15, 0.55, and 2 s, respectively. Under the optimal operating conditions, the yield of total light olefins exceeds 38.0 wt %. A new five-lump kinetic model is developed for the catalytic pyrolysis of gas oil, and a catalyst deactivation model based on the coke content is also presented. Rate constants and apparent activation energies were estimated with the least-squares method. The effect test shows that the five-lump kinetic model can predict the yields of gasoline, light olefins, light alkanes, and coke very well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".