Effects of crystal habit modifiers on the morphology of calcium sulfate dihydrate grown in strong <scp>CaCl<sub>2</sub>‐HCl</scp> solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND This work deals with the effect of several additives on the morphology of calcium sulfate dihydrate ( DH ) crystals, produced by reactive crystallization involving strong CaCl 2 –HCl solutions. Experiments were conducted at 40 °C under various conditions, namely homogeneous and seeded (heterogeneous) crystallization in CaCl 2 / HCl solutions ranging from very dilute (0.42 mol L −1 /0.04 mol L −1 ) to very concentrated (1.8 mol L −1 /6.3 mol L −1 ). RESULTS In the absence of additives a distinct difference in crystal morphology was observed depending on solution composition. Homogeneously formed DH crystals from dilute solution were in the form of needles. DH crystals formed in concentrated acid solution were thick elongated plates. The most influential additives in concentrated solutions were CTAB (cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide), PAA (polyacrylic acid) and PVS (polyvinyl sulfonic acid). CTAB favoured formation of industrially interesting thick slab crystals. In contrast PAA favoured the formation of elongated and thinner crystals as a result of preferential crystal plane adsorption. PVS had a detrimental effect on DH crystal nucleation and growth explained by its polymeric structure. CONCLUSION Apart from PVS , CTAB and PAA no influence was seen for the majority of additives tested. This was attributed to lack of ionization caused by the highly acidic solutions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".