Engineering properties of concrete made with slate waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports on the engineering properties and microstructure of concrete incorporating slate waste aggregates generated from roofing slate production in the UK. Various concrete mixtures were designed using different sizes of slate waste as aggregate replacement. Concrete produced with limestone aggregate was used as control. The results showed that concrete produced with limestone aggregate tended to fail predominantly through the interfacial zone between the aggregate surface and the cement paste and mortar, without any observed aggregate fragmentation. In contrast, the concrete made with slate waste aggregate showed signs of failure emanating from both the interfacial zone as well as from the cracking and subsequent fragmentation of the aggregates. The findings show that the concrete made with slate waste aggregates attained compressive strength of 25–30 N/mm2, splitting strength of 2–3 N/mm2 and elastic modulus of 25–32 kN/mm2 thus indicating potential for using slate waste as a replacement for limestone aggregate in most low- to medium-strength engineering applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".