Increased Alpha-Fetoprotein Receptor in the Serum of Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The alpha-fetoprotein (afp) receptor (recaf) is an oncofetal antigen found in most types of cancer. Using a competitive radioimmunoassay, we measured the concentration of serum recaf in three sets of samples.Set 1 was blind and consisted of 119 normal subjects, 43 breast cancer patients (stages i and ii), and 20 patients with benign breast conditions. In this set, the assay discriminated normal from cancer samples with a receiver operating characteristic for the area under the curve (ROC(AUC)) of 0.983; with 95% specificity and 93% sensitivity at a cut-off of 4.6 K (arbitrary) recaf units; and with 72% sensitivity and 100% specificity at a cut-off of 7.3 K units. At 7.3 K units, the specificity for benign breast conditions was 85%, and the sensitivity was 72% (ROC(AUC) was 0.773). Carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 respectively showed 39% and 41% sensitivity, with 95% specificity in comparisons of normal with cancer samples, and 34% and 44% sensitivity, with 85% specificity in comparisons of benign with cancer samples. Set 2 consisted of 353 normal, 30 benign, and 64 cancer samples (stages ii and iii). The recaf assay sensitivity in discriminating normal from cancer samples was 97%, with 97% specificity. Benign compared with cancer samples showed 87% sensitivity, with 97% specificity. Set 3 included only 40 normal and 40 cancer samples. The assay sensitivity was 89%, with 100% specificity. Sets 2 and 3 were not tested with carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3.These results strongly suggest that the recaf assay could be used for detecting breast cancer in its early stages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".