Prediction of minimum spouting velocity by CFD–TFM: Approach development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A three‐dimensional (3D) Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase model (two‐fluid model, TFM) was developed to predict the minimum spouting velocity (ums) of spouted beds, with the aid of UBC experiments in a 152‐mm conical–cylindrical vessel. The gas motion was simulated by the k–ϵ two‐equation turbulent model, while the particle phase motion was estimated from the kinetic theory of granular flow. The inlet minimum spouting velocity, ums, was numerically predicted by visual observations and analysis of simulated distributions of the solid volume fraction and particle vector field for decreasing gas flow. The effects of particle diameter, static bed height and fluid inlet diameter on ums were checked, in order to confirm the validity of the present developed method. In addition, numerical predictions are compared with the predicted values from several empirical correlations reported in the open literature. Best congruence is with the popular Mathur–Gishler equation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".