Exploration and characterisation of novel bronze patinas derived from simple coordination complexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chemical reactions of aqueous solutions containing simple transition-metal salts and bidentate nitrogen ligands on bronze surfaces results in a series of brightly coloured patinas. Chemically and physically robust patinas involve a chemical oxidation of the copper atoms within the bronze surface, either by an applied ferric salt or atmospheric dioxygen. The combination of Fe(NO(3))(3)·9H(2)O and 2,2'-bipyridine produces a coloured patina that is either red or blue, depending on whether oxygen was present during application, due to the presence of [Fe(bpy)(3)](2+) or [Fe(bpy)(3))](3+), respectively. Application of pyrazine produces a bright orange patina, due to the formation of Cu(i) coordination polymers on the bronze surface. Application of Fe(NO(3))(3)·9H(2)O and tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) yields a forest green coloration, believed to be due to a bimetallic copper-iron complex, while TMEDA alone affords the sapphire blue of [Cu(TMEDA)(2)](2+). These patinas were characterized with ESI-TOF MS, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and IR spectrophotometry, to determine the molecular basis for the patina chromophores.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".