A New Borehole Surveying Technique for Horizontal Drilling Processes Using One Fiber Optic Gyroscope and Three Accelerometers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Current borehole surveying techniques during horizontal drilling processes utilize three-axis magnetometers and three-axis accelerometers inside the Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) assembly. The measurements received from the three accelerometers are processed to provide the tool face angle (roll) and the deviation angle from the vertical direction (pitch). The magnetometers measure the magnetic field in three mutually orthogonal directions to provide the ongoing azimuth. Due to the massive amount of steel around the drilling rig, the magnetometers are installed inside costly non-magnetic drill collars. Moreover, the deviation of the Earth's magnetic field from ore deposits reduces the accuracy of any downhole magnetic field based measurements. The fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) currently employed in different navigation applications can be adapted for the borehole surveying. A previous feasibility study showed that the FOG has excellent immunity to the severe downhole environment. The objective of this article is to develop a new navigation algorithm utilizing the FOG mounted on the horizontal plane of the borehole assembly together with three orthogonal accelerometers. The mechanization equations necessary to process the measurements from the FOG and the three accelerometers and deliver the drill bit attitude (azimuth, pitch and roll) as well as its coordinates (latitude, longitude and depth) are provided. The accuracy of the applied algorithm was found to be about 99 %. In addition, applied optimal estimation techniques based on Kalman filter algorithms are presented to compensate for the measurement errors from the FOG and the accelerometers.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it