Perfluorinated Sulfonate and Carboxylate Compounds in Eggs of Seabirds Breeding in the Canadian Arctic: Temporal Trends (1975–2011) and Interspecies Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), as well as selected precursor compounds, were measured in eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from Prince Leopold Island in the Canadian Arctic between 1975 and 2011 as well as in eggs of three additional species (black guillemot Cepphus grylle, black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus) sampled in 2008. ΣPFCA concentrations increased significantly from 1975 to 2011 in the murre and fulmar eggs at an average annual rate of 0.56 and 0.91 ng g(-1) ww, respectively, whereas perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations did not change significantly. The interspecies comparison of eggs sampled in 2008 found that black guillemots had the highest PFOS and lowest ΣPFCA levels, and northern fulmars had the highest ΣPFCA levels. PFUnA (C(11)) and PFTrA (C(13)) were the predominant PFCAs measured in eggs of all five species except for the black guillemot where PFDA (C(10)) contributed almost equally with PFTrA (C(13)) to the PFCA profile. Based on published toxicity thresholds, levels of neither perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) nor PFOS in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic are of toxicological concern. These are the first interspecies comparisons for PFASs in seabirds from the Canadian Arctic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".