Properties of polar mesospheric clouds measured by Odin/OSIRIS in the northern hemisphere in 2002–2005
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interseasonal variations in the properties of Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) measured by the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite during the northern hemisphere (NH) summers of 2002–2005 are described in this work. The lowest PMC latitudes were about 50°N for every season with the number of detections smallest in 2002 and largest in 2004. In 2004 and 2005, the detection of PMCs at lower latitudes was asymmetric with the larger number of clouds observed during the first half and fewer at during the second half of the season. PMC occurrence frequency in 2002 was 25–30% lower than in 2003–2005, and the season duration was shortest in 2002 and longest in 2004. For all NH seasons except 2002, PMC occurrence frequency was systematically 20–50% higher than the Solar Mesosphere Explorer climatology. Similar to PMC occurrence frequency, cloud brightness was lowest in 2002 and highest in 2004 at all latitudes. The daily mean brightness maximum at 50°–60°N was less than 8% of that at highest latitudes. This contrasts with the maximum PMC occurrence frequency that reached nearly 30% at these latitudes in 2004 and 2005. PMC brightness showed no apparent seasonal asymmetry at lower latitudes in 2004 and 2005 that was seen in the occurrence frequency. Significant, by about a factor of 2, oscillations observed in the daily mean cloud brightness at high latitudes were also not seen in the corresponding occurrence frequency. These results suggest that the occurrence frequency alone does not provide detailed information on the cloud population and ice mass in the mesosphere. There is no significant interannual variability in the seasonal mean OSIRIS PMC altitude. Its value was very close to 8350 km for all seasons except 2004 when it was 83.42 km. The mean PMC altitudes for each season increased by 0.3–0.6 when the minimum altitude in the database was increased from 80 to 82 km. PACS Nos.: 92.05.Fg, 92.60.hc, 92.60.Jq, 92.60.Mt, 92.60.Nv, 92.60.Vb
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".