Sex-based differences in serum cardiac troponin I, a specific marker for myocardial injury, after cardiac surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prevalence and causes of sex-based differences in morbidity and mortality secondary to cardiovascular disease remain controversial. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial injury. Serial cTnI measurements have been used to identify perioperative myocardial cell injury. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether sex influences the extent of myocardial injury during cardiac surgery, we measured perioperative cTnI in male and female patients. DESIGN: A total of 17 male and 17 female patients were prospectively studied in an age- and case-matched manner. Arterial cTnI were obtained preinduction, 30 mins after the application of the aortic cross-clamp, at arrival to the intensive care unit, and on postoperative day 1. SETTING: Tertiary cardiac surgery center at a major teaching hospital. RESULTS: There was no difference between men and women in body mass index (kg/m2), duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic cross-clamp times. Preoperative cTnI measurements were similar in men (0.24 +/- 0.15 ng/mL) and women (0.25 +/- 0.13 ng/mL, mean +/- sem). The maximum serum cTnI occurred on postoperative day 1 in all patients, and it was 3-fold higher in men (18.5 +/- 5.7 ng/mL) compared with women (6.4 +/- 1.0 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS: Men had markedly higher serum cTnI compared with women, although they were case matched with respect to age and cardiac risk factors. Our results may suggest there may be sex-related differences in the myocardial response to ischemia and reperfusion injury or intrinsic differences between the male and female myocardium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".