Effect of Wrinkles on the Circumferential Strength of a Cast-in-Place Composite Polymer Liner Used in Retrofitting Pressure Pipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines a cast-in-place composite polymer liner used in retrofitting cracked cast iron pressure water pipes. The installation of the liner can result in the formation of geometric imperfections (wrinkles) of different patterns and sizes if the external circumference of the liner exceeds the internal circumference of the host pipe. A series of split-disk tests were conducted on 25-mm wide ring samples of the polymer liner to examine the effects of the presence of three different wrinkle configurations, the loading rate, and cyclic loading on the circumferential strength of the liner. In all the test samples, cracking of the resin occurred at the wrinkle, but ultimate capacity was always greater than the cracking load. A reduction in the ultimate hoop strength of up to 23% occurred, depending on the wrinkle pattern. Cyclic loading corresponding to 50-year service life was applied, leading the resin in some samples to crack at the wrinkle. At a very slow loading rate of 0.1 mm/min, the ultimate strength of the liner was reduced by 16%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".