CLEISTO- AND CHASMOGAMIC SEED SETTING IN DI- AND TETRAPLOID LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
HE production of amongst others autotetraploid Lctmium timpferi-T crrule for species crossing purposes has been reported earlier (ljERNSTIR6M, 1941(ljERNSTIR6M, , 1944)).Besides using the autotetraploids for this purpose a close study has been made of their dsifferent characters, an account about which will be published later.The study of the seed setting in L. amplexiccrule has, however, disclosed such interesting conditions that they deserve special mention.-4s is known, L, amplexictrirle is as a rule dimorphic in that both chasmogamic and cleistogamic flowers occur.The mode of function of the cleistoganiic flowers and the factors favouring their development have been the subject of many investigations, e .g. by WALZ (18641, ~ ~~ ~~ LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE __Often, this has very clearly shown itsell' :ilso to be the case in my material, most of which lias not yet been published.For instance, line (i 8, one of tlie richest chasmogamously flowering lines among those studied, is characterized by much inferior seed setting on flowering in tlie middle ol' the 5uminer than on llowering in tlie autumn, when the chasinogainic flowering in L .rrniplexicnule is always much less than in summer, whereas line ci 10, wliicli even in the middle OI' the summer develops very few chasmoganiic flowers, lias as good seed setting during summer as during autumn.Experiences from other lines as well conliriii that tliere is often a negative correlation l~elween degree of cliasmogamic flowering and degree of seed setting.As earlier indicated ( R E R N S T R ~M , 1950), self-fertilization of tlie chasinogainic flowers in L. crrnplexiccizile is mostly effected at the ekpansion of tlie flowers by the anthers stroking the stigina at the straightening movements of the filainentls or nl any rate approaching so close to it that one of tlie stigmatic lobes is pollinated.Hence the I'lowers are usually already pollinated before they have entirely es- panded.II' the stigma has not been pollinated at the opening of the flower, lhis is easily remedied by the anthers generally taking up a position on either side of the stigma and very near it, which is likely to effect self-pollination on account of external influences.The selfpollinating mechanism in tetraploid L. amplexicaule does not function so well as in diploi'd owing to the fact that, e .y., tlie lengths of the styles vary more and in consequence tlie stigmata come to occupy quite too dissimilar heights to the anthers, or that the latter do not take up so close a position to one another and to tlie stigina as usual.When an investigation (concerning which more will be reported below) of the seed formation of open and clo5ed flowers in di-and tetraploid L. m i p l e x icaiile was made for 11 days in July, 1946, on inalerial cultivated in ;I greenhouse, the pollination frequency of the chasmognniic flowers was also studied, with the results given below in Table 1.Line Q 14 corresponds to line a 8, and CI 55 to ci 32.Both lines were collected in Sweden, a 8 in the neighbourhood of Gothenburg, and rc 32 in that of Halsingborg in the province of Scania.Within each number tlie flowers of five plants were examined, as a rule in the morning.As seen I'rom tlie table, the perceiilage oC uiipollinated flowers is three to four times as great in tlie tetraploids :is in tlie corresponding diploids, xz for tlie comparison of th,e distribution of, respectively, pollinated and non-pollinated flowers of a 8 and a 14 is 4 3 3 (P<O,oot), and tlie corresponding Xp for a 32 and a 55 is 16,sn ( P < 0,oni).These
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".