Avoiding Two Vertical Obstacles: An Age-Related Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When individuals must pass through an aperture, young adults (YA) initiate a shoulder rotation at smaller relative aperture widths1 (i.e. Critical Point) than older adults (OA)2,3. It is unknown whether individuals initiate changes to actions at similar relative aperture widths between obstacles in unconfined space as in a confined aperture-crossing. The current study aimed to determine the Critical width at which individuals change action strategies and if age-related differences exist when avoiding obstacles in unconfined space. Young (N=12) and older adults (N=12) were instructed to walk a 9m path toward a goal and avoid two poles placed 5m along the path on either side of the midline (0.6-1.8x shoulder width). Results showed that the Critical width of YA was 1.4x shoulder width while OA was 1.6. In confined and unconfined space the passability of apertures remains similar, however the action strategy differs. Rather than change shoulder position, a change in travel path occurs. When changes in travel path were made, YA deviated from straight walking further from the obstacles than OA (2.68m versus 1.78m, p<0.001). At the time-of-crossing, OA displayed a larger lateral clearance than YA (0.70m versus 0.31m, p<0.001). This suggest that OA require more time to process information and make appropriate action changes but their subsequent strategies are more cautious. Overall, this study confirms the persistence of age-related differences in action strategies and that Critical width governs the initiation of action changes in unconfined space. However, the strategy used is task-specific. 1.Warren&Whang (1987).Visual guidance of walking through apertures:Body-scaled information for affordances. J.Experimental Psychology,13:371-83. 2.Wilmut&Barnett (2010).Locomotor adjustments when navigating through apertures. Human Movement Science,29:289-98. 3.Hackney&Cinell (2011).Action strategies of older adults when walking through apertures.Gait and Posture,33[4]:733-36. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2012
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".