Ammonia emission from dairy cow manure stored in a lagoon over summer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is recognized that volatilized ammonia (NH 3 ) from intensive livestock production can be a significant pathway for nitrogen (N) pollution to land and water, and can contribute to poor air quality. The objectives of our study were to document NH 3 emissions from a dairy lagoon and to assess the influence of meteorology on NH 3 emissions. Ammonia emissions were determined using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic approach using WindTrax software, an open-path NH 3 laser and a sonic anemometer. Results indicate that an average 5.1 ± 1.6 g NH 3 m -2 d -1 was released over the summer; however, the emission varied typically over 24 h between 3.6 and 8.6 g NH 3 m -2 d -1 . Wind speed and surface temperature of the lagoon had similar influences on the magnitude of the release, where their direct impact on NH 3 emission accounted for 28 and 31% of the variability, respectively. The main implication of this study is that NH 3 losses are significant from dairy lagoons, contributing to the issue of N pollution. As well, NH 3 emissions are a loss of valuable N for manure used as fertilizer, which in our study amounted to approximately 13% of the total ammoniacal N content of the manure in the lagoon. Key words: Ammonia, dairy, manure, cattle, dispersion model
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".