Disturbance regime landscapes: mountain drainage systems interrupted by large rockslides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper examines the role of rockslide-rock avalanches in mountain landscapes, and the landforms associated with them. While the landslides are extremely short-lived events, rock wall detachment scars and rock avalanche deposits can persist for long periods as influences on landscape development. Especially significant are rock avalanches with complex runout and emplacement related to interactions with rugged terrain or deformable substrates. Their characteristics greatly increase the scope of landscape disturbance. Hundreds of rock avalanches are now known, worldwide, that have formed crossvalley barriers interrupting mountain drainage systems. Many have done so for millennia or tens of millennia. They give rise to distinctive sediment assemblages, constructional and erosion landforms generated by other processes responding to the landslides and constrained by them. A landslide interruption epicycle of five phases is described, and related sediment assemblages. These provide the basis for defining a landslide interrupted valley landsystem . Its full significance is seen in mountain drainage basins affected by multiple landslide interruptions. These create naturally fragmented fluvial systems, in which a disturbance regime geomorphology is identified. Stream profiles, sediment delivery, and related landforms are kept in a chronic state of disequilibrium with respect to climatic and geotectonic controls, and drainage organization. The transHimalayan Upper Indus Basin provides an example, a large high mountain drainage system fragmented by more than 170 late Quaternary rock avalanches. In this case, as elsewhere, misidentification of rock avalanches led to neglect of their role in Quaternary histories. The nature and limitations of disturbance regime geomorphology are discussed, and broader implications for mountain landscapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".