Minority carrier lifetime and iron concentration measurements on <i>p</i>-Si wafers by infrared photothermal radiometry and microwave photoconductance decay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comparative study of electronic transport properties of p-Si wafers intentionally contaminated with Fe was performed using infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) and microwave photoconductance decay (μ-PCD). Strong correlations were found between PTR and μ-PCD lifetimes in a lightly contaminated wafer with no significant PTR transient behavior. The absolute PTR lifetime values were larger than the local averaged μ-PCD values, due to the different excitation wavelengths and probe depths. In a heavily contaminated wafer the μ-PCD and PTR lifetime correlation was poorer. PTR measurements were highly sensitive to iron concentration, most likely due to the dependence of the bulk recombination lifetime on it. Rapid-scanned (nonsteady-state) PTR images of the wafer surface exhibited strong correlations with both μ-PCD lifetime and [Fe] concentration images in both heavily and lightly contaminated wafers. For the lightly and uniformly contaminated wafer, PTR scanning imaging was found to be more sensitive to iron concentration and lifetime variations than μ-PCD images.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".