Stochastic treatment of nonequilibrium ion stopping in solids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the energy loss of fast, hydrogenlike ions in thin solid foils, in the regime prior to the establishment of the ion-charge equilibrium. The projectile-charge evolution is described by a nonstationary, continuous-time Markov process, while the target response is described by a time-dependent dielectric-response formalism. We first derive the projectile self-energy in the presence of charge exchange, which is used to determine the bound-electron density in a self-consistent manner, by minimizing the total projectile energy in an adiabatic approximation. An expression for the ion energy-loss distribution is then used to derive the average value of the stopping power as a function of the traversal time in the foil, taking into account the projectile screening by the bound electron. The results of calculations for He ions in Al foils show significant coherence effects on the energy losses in the pre-equilibrium regime, which are interpreted by the overlap between the time delay in the target response and the characteristic time scale for the charge-changing collisions of the projectile with the target atoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".