Dynamic deformations in sand embankments: centrifuge modeling and blind, fully coupled analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prediction of deformations during earthquake loading is one of the critical aspects in the design of a geotechnical engineering structure. The dynamic behavior of two centrifuge model sand embankments including deformations is presented and compared with blind predictions made by a fully coupled analysis procedure, the computer code DYSAC2, using a bounding surface elastoplastic model. The centrifuge model embankments were constructed using Nevada sand placed at 62% (dense) and 43% (medium dense) relative densities and consisted of a mild slope on one side and a steep slope on the other side. Both embankments showed substantial movements along the slopes, spikes in the upslope acceleration values, and corresponding dilation spikes in the pore-pressure values. These spikes were more pronounced for the medium-dense sand embankment and on the mild-slope sides for both embankments. The observed behavior is related to the stressstrain behavior of sands undergoing cyclic mobility, and the importance of accurately obtaining the initial static stresses is emphasized. The blind predictions using the computer code DYSAC2 compared reasonably well with the measured results and provided further insight into the behavior of these embankments. The blind predictions similar to those shown in this paper are expected to provide confidence for practicing engineers to use fully coupled procedures for predicting deformations of geotechnical structures subjected to earthquakes.Key words: centrifuge modeling, cyclic mobility, earthquakes, embankment, fully coupled analysis, sand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".