Colour genes (<i>R</i> and <i>Rc</i>) for grain and coleoptile upregulate flavonoid biosynthesis genes in wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pigmentation of wheat grain and coleoptile is controlled by the R gene on chromosomes of the homoeologous group 3 and the Rc gene on chromosomes of the homoeologous group 7, respectively. Each of these genes is inherited monogenically. The pigment of grain has been suggested to be a derivative of catechin-tannin and that of coleoptile to be anthocyanin. These polyphenol compounds are known to be synthesized through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We isolated 4 partial nucleotide sequences of the early flavonoid biosynthesis genes (CHS, CHI, F3H, and DFR) in wheat. The expression of these genes was examined in the developing grain of red-grained and white-grained wheat lines. CHS, CHI, F3H, and DFR were highly upregulated in the grain coat tissue of the red-grained lines, whereas there was no significant expression in the white-grained lines. These results indicate that the R gene is involved in the activation of the early flavonoid biosynthesis genes. As for coleoptile pigmentation, all 4 genes were expressed in the red coleoptile; however, DFR was not activated in the white coleoptile. The Rc gene appears to be involved in DFR expression. The possibility that wheat R and Rc genes might be transcription factors is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".