Evidence of a state-dependent trade-off between energy intake and parasite avoidance in Steller's eiders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that Steller's eiders, Polysticta stelleri (Pallas, 1769), in good body condition avoided nutritious and abundant prey that were intermediate hosts of acanthocephalans, while birds in poor condition accepted the long-term costs of parasitism to minimize the short-term risk of starvation. We predicted that the intensity of the acanthocephalan Polymorphus phippsi (Kostylev, 1922) should be positively related to the intake of intermediate hosts and that the intake of such prey should be negatively related to body condition. All Steller's eiders were infected (2–1142 parasites/bird). Only the intake of the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus (Segerstråle, 1947), a known intermediate host of P. phippsi, was significantly related to parasite intensity. Juvenile Steller's eiders were in poorer condition than adults and fed more on amphipods (44% vs. 9% of total biomass). On the contrary, adults preferred isopods (26% of total biomass vs. 12% for juveniles), which were less abundant than littoral amphipods but were not intermediate hosts of P. phippsi. Moreover, in juveniles there was a negative relationship between body condition and the proportion of amphipods in the diet. Hence, juveniles in poor body condition consumed potentially infected prey while adults and juveniles in good condition avoided such prey. The cost of avoiding littoral amphipods was probably a lower energy return per unit feeding effort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".