The stresses induced by an ultrasound contrast agent oscillation on a micro-vessel wall.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-inertial oscillating micro-bubbles inside micro-vessels induce some stresses on the vessel walls. It is important to use the bubbles safely and avoid rupturing the vessels. A 3-D model is made of an oscillating micro-bubble inside blood within a micro-vessel. The bubble’s oscillation is implemented for a confined environment. The resulting micro-streaming makes the flexible vessel wall dilate. The vessel wall deformation is simultaneously coupled back to the fluid to make a more realistic model. The vessel walls were modeled as visco-elastic, elastic, and rigid materials. This model is solved using finite element method. Fluid shear stress and circumferential stress on the vessel wall are investigated when the vessel wall rigidity, bubble size, and vessel size are varied. When the size of the bubble increases or the radius of the vessel decreases, both the fluid shear stress and circumferential stress increase. In an elastic vessel (E= 5 MPa, Pa= 250 kPa, f=1 MHz, rv=5 μm), the circumferential stress can exceed the vascular strength (above 800 kPa) when the bubble’s initial size is 3.5 μm or above. The same trend of increasing the stresses is observed when the vessel wall rigidity increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".