Distribution and Biology of Bull Trout (<i>Salvelinus confluentus</i>) in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, with Notes on Sympatry with Dolly Varden (<i>Salvelinus malma</i>) + Online Appendix 1 (See Article Tools)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Streams were surveyed along the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, to investigate the distribution and biology of riverine char. Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were captured in 24 of 43 streams sampled from three watersheds: the Kotaneelee River, the South Nahanni River, and the Central Mackenzie Mountains. The first confirmed sympatric bull trout and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) populations in the Northwest Territories are reported from the Gayna River (~65˚17′ N, 129˚21′ W). This location represents a geographical range extension for bull trout approximately 200 km northwest of the previous northernmost published location in the central Northwest Territories (~64˚30′ N and 125˚00′ W, Great Bear River). It also extends the geographical range of Dolly Varden south approximately 300 km from the closest known populations located in the Peel River basin. The identification of this geographic range expansion is a result of extending both our sampling range and our ability to identify riverine chars accurately. In bull trout, we observed two different growth patterns, which correspond to non-migratory and migratory life histories. Northern bull trout populations are relatively small and widespread, and they are separated from one another by large distances and in some cases by natural barriers. Although these populations share similar biological traits with their southern counterparts, the northern fish mature later and do not spawn as often, which increases their sensitivity to exploitation and other anthropogenic perturbations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".