Induced systemic resistance against three foliar diseases of <i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> by (2<i>R</i>,3<i>R</i>)‐butanediol or an isoparaffin mixture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a type of plant defence mechanism typically activated by non‐pathogenic root‐associated micro‐organisms and systemic priming of gene expression in response to subsequent pathogen challenge. ISR was found to be activated by PC1, a mixture of food‐grade synthetic isoparaffins and (2R,3R)‐butanediol, a volatile organic compound produced by bacteria. In controlled environment tests, application of PC1 or (2R,3R)‐butanediol to the soil reduced the diseased leaf area of Agrostis stolonifera by 20–40% for the fungal pathogens, Microdochium nivale, Rhizoctonia solani or Sclerotinia homoeocarpa compared to the water control. In A. stolonifera, expression of the jasmonate synthesis‐related genes, AsAOS1, encoding an allene oxide synthase, and AsOPR4, encoding a 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid reductase, and expression of a pathogenesis‐related protein gene, AsGns5, encoding an acidic β‐1,3‐glucanase, were primed for increased expression by PC1 or (2R,3R)‐butanediol when M. nivale was inoculated 7 days later. However, the compounds differed in their ability to induce expression prior to pathogen challenge. PC1 induced AsAOS1 expression upon treatment, whereas (2R,3R)‐butanediol induced expression of AsOPR4 and AsGns5 upon treatment. These results indicate that both (2R,3R)‐butanediol and PC1 can produce ISR in A. stolonifera but may do so through different mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".