Corrosion Inhibition of Low-Alloy Steels in Brine With Highly Oxygenated Nitrogen Membrane Gas for Underbalanced Drilling Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Residual oxygen in membrane generated nitrogen, when commingled with potassium or sodium chloride drilling brines for underbalanced drilling (UBD) applications, is known to be very corrosive to drill pipe, casing and tubing. Commercial chemical inhibitors are routinely applied in such applications but supporting laboratory test data in the literature often fail to represent actual downhole environments. The corrosion rate data from case study wells has limited value due to available locations and technology for measurement within drilling process flow loops. The test protocol discussed here and corresponding results provide for more realistic evaluation of inhibitor effectiveness and suggest a mechanism for corrosion inhibition. The tests were conducted in stages intended to first establish the baseline corrosive behavior of low alloy steel in oxygenated brine with and without pH control by means of buffering agents. Subsequent tests focused on the effect of corrosion inhibitor concentrations and other additives. The results of the test program indicated that a combination of conditions resulted in significant inhibition of low alloy steel against oxygen corrosion, and is associated with the formation of surface film containing phosphorus. Corrosion rates as low as 50mpy without pitting were achieved, compared with 900mpy with significant scaling for uninhibited oxygenated brine. This paper describes the development of conditions necessary to create a stable protective film in oxygenated brine without the formation of copious corrosion products known to present problems in UBD operations. The test protocol used herein suggests a method for qualifying the performance of candidate inhibitor formulations for specific UBD design conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".