Ozone treatment for the degradation of resin and unsaturated fatty acids at low temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ozonation of abietic and linoleic acids (resin and fatty acids; RFAs) was investigated at various pHs and low temperatures (0 to 10 °C) using a rapid-scan stopped-flow spectrophotometer. Degradation of abietic and linoleic acids could be enhanced by manipulating reaction conditions, including ozone dose, temperature, and pH. Improved degradation of RFAs at higher pHs suggests hydroxyl radical reaction is playing an important role during the ozonation. The apparent overall second order rate constants were determined based on the pseudo-first order rate constants for acids and for ozone. At pH 11 and 10 °C, they were calculated as 6.6 x 103 M–1· s–1 and 1.0 x 104 M–1· s–1 for abietic and linoleic acids, respectively. The acute toxicity assessed by Microtox® bioassay increased after ozonation by 140% in the case of abietic acid, whereas it reduced to half in the case of linoleic acid. Key words: ozone, oxidation kinetics, resin acids, fatty acids, toxicity, rapid-scan stopped-flow spectrophotometry, pulp mill effluent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".