Study of /sup 11/C-Acetoacetate Uptake by Rat Heart and Brain Using Small Animal PET Imaging
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Normally the brain almost exclusively uses glucose as a fuel but during fasting it can rely on the increased supply of ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) produced in liver mitochondria from fatty acid beta-oxidation. Raised blood ketones produced on a very high fat ketogenic diet can significantly reduce seizures in children. Ketones also have other 'protective' effects on the brain but their metabolism by the brain is still poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to assess the brain uptake of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> C-acetoacetate using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In order to vary plasma ketones, we used rats (3 groups of 4 rats) under three dietary conditions - control diet (high carbohydrate; low plasma ketones), fat-rich ketogenic diet (moderate plasma ketones), and 48 h fasting (moderate plasma ketones). Tissue perfusion of the tracer and oxygen consumption were measured in heart and brain. In brain but not heart, the ketogenic diet enhanced tracer perfusion and oxygen consumption relative to the two other diets. Our data show that the brain's ability to utilize increased availability of blood ketones may relate in some way to concurrent glucose availability.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it