Breeding vocalizations of the piping plover (<i>Charadrius melodus</i>): structure, diversity, and repertoire organization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied breeding vocalizations and the vocal repertoire of the endangered piping plover (Charadrius melodus Ord, 1824) to describe diversity of the species' non-learned vocalizations, provide a basis for comparative studies, and enable standardization of terminology and interpretation of vocal classes for management purposes. Adults have 14 call types and newly hatched chicks have three; these are underestimates of repertoire size because they represent breeding vocalizations only and are biased toward loud, easily recorded sounds. Vocalizations are structurally diverse: duration, ~10 ms to 1.5 s; peak frequency (adults), <900 to >3000 Hz; tonal to pulsed or noisy; narrow- to broad-band; and nonharmonic to harmonic. Vocalizations are higher in frequency in females than in males. High vocal diversity results from differential combination and sequencing of fairly simple acoustic attributes such as pulsing and frequency modulation, and from quantitative variation in such attributes. Homologies with other species of Charadriidae in acoustic traits of calls, call types, and organization (syntax) within calls and across call types are suggested. Acoustic characters at different organizational levels are highly conserved evolutionarily; hence, they seem to hold promise for phylogenetic analyses within the family.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".