A two-step readout CMOS image sensor active pixel architecture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a 5-transistor (5T) active pixel sensor (APS) structure and a specialized oscillator readout circuit. The pixel keeps a reasonable fill factor of 43% using n-well and p-sub photodiode with an area of 5 μm × 5 μm and generates a two-step signal response to the illumination. The pixel successfully extends output swing to 0.72 V. Measured pixel random noise is 2.5 mV, achieving 51 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A readout circuit is also implemented using a ring oscillator to replace the traditional design with analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuitry. It generates frequency output and is recorded by counters to perform signal digitization. The design is implemented with an array of 32 × 92 pixels in a 0.13μm digital CMOS process and tested with a 1.25 V supply voltage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".