Undulatory microswimming near solid boundaries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydrodynamic forces involved in the undulatory microswimming of the model organism C. elegans are studied in proximity to solid boundaries. Using a micropipette deflection technique, we attain direct and time-resolved force measurements of the viscous forces acting on the worm near a single planar boundary as well as confined between two planar boundaries. We observe a monotonic increase in the lateral and propulsive forces with increasing proximity to the solid interface. We determine normal and tangential drag coefficients for the worm, and find these to increase with confinement. The measured drag coefficients are compared to existing theoretical models. The ratio of normal to tangential drag coefficients is found to assume a constant value of 1.5 ± 0.1(5) at all distances from a single boundary, but increases significantly as the worm is confined between two boundaries. In response to the increased drag due to confinement, we observe a gait modulation of the nematode, which is primarily characterized by a decrease in the swimming amplitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".