Long Seam Welds in Gas and Liquids Pipelines and Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near-neutral pH SCC and corrosion fatigue at the toe of the longitudinal weld has been responsible for several pipeline failures in Canada. In this paper examples of such failures and other in-service toe cracks are discussed. The results of an investigation into several factors affecting near-neutral pH SCC at the toe of the longitudinal weld are discussed and summarized. Four different pipes were evaluated including both double submerged arc welded (DSAW) pipe and electrical resistance welded (ERW) pipe. The properties considered were 1) residual stresses near the toe of the weld as determined by hole drilling and slitting, 2) stress-raising characteristics of the weld shape as determined by elastic finite element analysis and 3) electrochemical properties near the toe of the weld as determined by the scanning reference electrode technique. For one line pipe we also evaluated the room-temperature creep characteristics near the weld with and without cyclic loading. The implications of these results for near-neutral pH SCC and corrosion fatigue are discussed. It is concluded that high stresses originating from the stress-multiplying effects of the weld crown contributed significantly to the failures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".