Thermocline deepening and mixing alter zooplankton phenology, biomass and body size in a whole‐lake experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Summer thermal stratification is thought to be one of the key structuring physical factors for north temperate lake zooplankton. Shifts associated with climate change may lead to altered thermocline depths in stratified lakes through changes to (i) wind stress and associated water column mixing or (ii) air temperature and precipitation. The effects of thermocline deepening through these two scenarios were simulated in a whole‐lake experiment to assess the effects on the phenology, biomass and mean body size of the zooplankton. The thermocline of a three‐basin dimictic lake was deepened to 7–8 m in one basin using a lake mixer. Through heat transfer, the thermocline of the adjacent basin was deepened to 6–7 m, while the third basin served as an unmanipulated control (4–5 m deep thermocline). Zooplankton community dynamics were followed weekly in a control year and in two experimental years. A before‐after‐control‐impact ( BACI ) statistical protocol was used to assess the effects of two treatments: Deepening and Deepening+Mixing. Thermocline depth was the main factor influencing zooplankton changes. The biomass and late‐season dominance by smaller‐bodied and more fish‐evasive species were favoured by deepening, leading to a decline in mean community body size, but an increase in total biomass. While many effects could be attributed to thermocline deepening, additional or exacerbated responses were observed when mixing was also present. This resulted mostly from a loss of the hypolimnetic refuge for zooplankton, which accentuated predation effects by warm‐water fish on larger cladocerans. Overall, our treatments promoted top‐down (predation) effects that increased over the 2 years of the experiment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".