Improved Model for the Penetration of Liquid Jets in Subsonic Crossflows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A theoretical model for the penetration of a liquid jet in subsonic gaseous crossflow is developed. The model allows for the deformation of the jet cross section from circular to elliptic shapes along its path. A force balance analysis on an elliptical liquid element is performed. Aerodynamic, viscous, and surface tension forces are considered counting for the nonlinear terms at large deformations. The effect of mass shedding is also included in the model. This effect changes the jet trajectory and deformation at higher Weber numbers. In addition, the drag coefficients of elliptical cylindrical elements with different aspect ratios are calculated numerically for a range of Reynolds numbers. It is observed that the drag coefficient of the cylindrical element changes considerably with Reynolds number and the jet deformation. The change in the drag force considerably affects the jet deflection in the gas stream. Results show that the liquid-to-gas momentum ratio is not the only governing parameter in predicting the jet trajectory. Gas Weber number, rate of mass shedding from the jet, jet cross-sectional deformation, variation in the drag coefficient, and variation in the liquid and gas properties all affect the jet penetration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".