Current, reconstructed past, and projected future status of brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) streams in Virginia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Southern Appalachian streams host a rich diversity of fishes, but the Southern Appalachian Assessment concluded that 70% of stream locations showed significant fish community degradation, partly due to acid deposition. About 40% of total Southern Appalachian trout stream length occurs in Virginia. Our research in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, has documented both chronic and episodic acidification in streams and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) mortality during acid episodes. Here, we analyze a representative sample of 60 Virginia brook trout streams on noncarbonate bedrock with minimal human disturbance in their watersheds. Of more than 300 such streams in Virginia, only about 50% are currently suitable for brook trout, based on their acidification status. For the population of brook trout streams to which this analysis applies, model-based projections indicate that continued sulfate deposition at 1991 levels will result in about 70 additional streams becoming chronically acidic and unsuitable for brook trout. A 40% reduction will result in about 48 additional chronically acidic streams. Even a 70% reduction will likely result in about 15 additional streams becoming acidified. We conclude that reductions in sulfate deposition greater than 70% (relative to 1991 levels) are needed to prevent more brook trout stream losses in Virginia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".