Three-dimensional seismic characterization of a venting site reveals compelling indications of natural hydraulic fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| February 01, 2004 Three-dimensional seismic characterization of a venting site reveals compelling indications of natural hydraulic fracturing L. Zühlsdorff; L. Zühlsdorff 1Earth Sciences Department, Bremen University, Klagenfurterstrasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar V. Spieß V. Spieß 1Earth Sciences Department, Bremen University, Klagenfurterstrasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information L. Zühlsdorff 1Earth Sciences Department, Bremen University, Klagenfurterstrasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany V. Spieß 1Earth Sciences Department, Bremen University, Klagenfurterstrasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 03 Jul 2003 Revision Received: 10 Oct 2003 Accepted: 15 Oct 2003 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 Geological Society of America Geology (2004) 32 (2): 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1130/G19993.1 Article history Received: 03 Jul 2003 Revision Received: 10 Oct 2003 Accepted: 15 Oct 2003 First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation L. Zühlsdorff, V. Spieß; Three-dimensional seismic characterization of a venting site reveals compelling indications of natural hydraulic fracturing. Geology 2004;; 32 (2): 101–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G19993.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Based on a three-dimensional high-resolution seismic survey off Vancouver Island, Canada, we show that natural hydraulic fracturing is an efficient process to create permeable pathways for focused fluid upflow at submarine venting sites. The pockmark structure examined in this study is located on top of an accreted ridge, where the low-permeability base of the gas hydrate stability field is also elevated, and fluid overpressure will be induced tectonically. Elongated hydraulic fractures reveal decreased reflection amplitudes and are oriented along the maximum principal stress direction, perpendicular to nearby fault planes. A surface expression is created by fluid and material expulsion, forming an irregular, noncircular rim along the axis of the upflow zone. Our findings confirm a relationship between lateral variations in seismic reflectivity and sediment distribution, regional tectonics, episodic fluid flow, and the formation and dissociation of gas hydrate. They explain the presence of gas hydrate at the top of the upflow zone, which requires transport of large volumes of gas through the gas hydrate stability field. Since hydraulic fracturing is not restricted to compressional regimes, it is a likely explanation for the nature, shape, and orientation of upflow zones as well as for seismic blanking widely observed at both active and passive continental margins. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".