CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE ATTENUATES SOME IMMUNE RESPONSES TO CYCLING EXERCISE IN BOYS BUT NOT MEN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous research in trained, adult athletes has shown that carbohydrate (CHO) intake can attenuate cellular immune responses to cycling exercise (EX). This effect is likely mediated by a glucose-attenuated stress hormone response. EX-induced immune responses in children are thought to be similar to those in adults but no studies have reported the effects of CHO intake on immune responses in children. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of CHO intake on cellular immune responses in boys and men exercising at the same relative intensity. METHODS: Twelve boys (mean ± SE, age: 9.75 ± 0.13 y; body mass (BM): 35.09 ± 1.8 kg) and 10 men (22.1 ± 0.53 y; 82.57 ± 2.01 kg) cycled for 60 min at 70% VO2 max on 2 occasions. Subjects drank either a 6% CHO (4% sucrose, 2% glucose)-electrolyte beverage or placebo (P) in a single-blind, counterbalanced sequence before, during and after EX at at rate of 4 mL/kg BM every 15 min. Blood was drawn before, immediately after EX and 60 min after EX. RESULTS: Plasma glucose was significantly lower in P (4.89 and 4.48 mmol/L) vs. CHO (5.67 and 5.47 mmol/L) in boys and men, respectively. In boys, but not men, the Ex-induced increase in total white blood cells (WBCs) was lower (p < 0.05) in CHO (6.57 ± 0.34 × 109/L) compared to P (7.34 ± 0.48 × 109/L) as was the increase in natural killer cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+; CHO: 0.29 ± 0.04 ×109/L vs. P: 0.44 ± 0.07 ×109/L). CHO intake had no effect on the increase in granulocytes (Gs), monocytes, lymphocytes or total T-cells (CD3+) in either group. CHO vs. P resulted in a faster recovery of WBCs and Gs in both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Some components of the immune system in young boys respond differently to CHO intake during EX compared to adult men. This may be due to maturation-related differences in the hormone response to this EX. Supported by NSERC Canada and the Gatorade Sports Science Institute
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".