Influence of natural vs. anthropogenic stresses on water resource sustainability: a case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate change has been identified as a major influence on basin water balances. However, land use and water use practices have also been identified as players. This case study was completed to better understand a changing water balance affecting a major basin in Alberta. The Beaver River basin is located in east central Alberta. Much of the basin has been developed for agricultural use; however, a number of heavy oil operations also exist. Both sectors use surface and groundwater. Evidence exists that the basin hydrology has changed since the mid-1970s. Coincidently, it was at this time that much of the land was cleared for agricultural development and commercial-scale oil development began. Oil industry use of water was suspected as the main cause for the changes observed. To investigate this further, data from regional hydrometric and meteorological stations were assessed along with water well hydrographs and historical satellite images. A significant correlation was found between basin responses and a climate phenomenon known as the Pacific decadal oscillation. Although the correlation between the Pacific decadal oscillation and basin hydrology appeared strong, deforestation for agricultural development also seemed to have an effect. Use of the local water resources was found to be of minor significance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".