Role of Phosphate Groups in Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Osteopontin
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) inhibits the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and other crystal phases in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In the present study, the role of OPN phosphate groups in adsorption to, incorporation into and inhibition of COM crystals was studied by comparing OPN isoforms differing in phosphorylation. OPN isoforms purified from rat bone (bOPN), which contains 10 phosphates, and cow milk (mOPN), which contains 25 phosphates, were compared with rat recombinant OPN (rOPN), which is not phosphorylated. Using fluorescence-labeled proteins and confocal microscopy, we show that mOPN and rOPN, like bOPN, adsorb preferentially to the edges between {100} and {121} faces of preformed COM crystals, and to a lesser extent to the {100} and {121} faces. Using scanning electron microscopy, we show that growth of COM in the presence of bOPN or mOPN results in a 'dumbbell' morphology, whereas crystals grown with rOPN are only slightly affected. COM crystals grown in the presence of low concentrations of fluorescence-labeled bOPN incorporate the protein into the crystal lattice. In crystals imaged in the {010} plane, incorporation of bOPN results in a cross-shaped pattern of fluorescence, consistent with preferential adsorption to {100}/{121} edges throughout the growth process.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it