REPRESSION OF INFLAMMATION IN EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE. ARE WE AIMING AT AN ENEMY?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) triggers an inflammatory response (IR). In the sport arena, this IR is seen as a fire that must be extinguished and the use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) seems logical. In line with this, the catabolic phase of inflammation in EIMD can lead to secondary damage observed in both animal models and humans. However, growing evidence suggests that tissue repair is dependent on the immune system; hence, IR repression may not be as sound as it appears. PURPOSE To test the effect of IR repression on 1) the time course of muscle function and leukocyte concentrations and 2) adaptation to eccentric contractions. Our hypothesis was that the IR is essential for efficient muscle repair and should not be repressed. METHODS In the first series of experiments, ankle dorsiflexors were submitted to one bout of elicited eccentric contractions. Rats were then treated for 2d with diclofenac (DCL, 1mg/kg, BID) and the time course of maximal in vitro force production and muscle leukocyte concentrations was assessed. In the second series, rats were submitted to 2 bouts performed 14d apart. Rats were treated for 2 or 7d with DCL (1mg/kg, BID). Muscle function was evaluated before and 2d after each bout via in vitro measurement of contractile properties. Repression of IR was monitored through assessment of leukocyte subset concentrations. RESULTS In the first series, DCL blocked the second force deficit seen in the placebo group but the time needed to fully recover was not affected by this treatment. Macrophage ED1+ and ED2+ infiltration was also diminished by DCL treatment while no increase in neutrophil concentration was observed post-EIMD. In the second series, DCL, but not the vehicle, reduced both the force decline and the increase in the concentration of leukocytes after the first bout. However, after the second bout, only rats receiving DCL for 7d showed a deficit in force production and an increase in leukocyte concentrations. CONCLUSION Although a beneficial effect on force production is observed after a first bout and recovery time seems unaffected, prolonged treatment with DCL interferes with adaptation to eccentric contractions. Contributions from FRSQ and REPAR (B.M.L.) AND NSERC (C.H.C.) are acknowledged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".