Segregation of Beaufort Sea beluga whales during the open-water season
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Population segregation by habitat use occurs because energy requirements and survival strategies vary with age, sex, size, and reproductive stage. From late summer to early fall in 1993, 1995, and 1997, relative length (age), sex, and reproductive status of satellite-tagged beluga whales ( Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776)) in the eastern Beaufort Sea were tested for habitat segregation. We used (i) resource selection function models to evaluate how belugas used areas of varying sea ice concentration and shelf habitat and (ii) distance analysis to measure the selection of areas varying in distance to mainland and island coastlines. Resource selection functions and distance analysis established that habitat selection differed with length, sex, and reproductive status of whales: (i) females with calves and smaller males selected open-water habitats near the mainland; (ii) large males selected closed sea ice cover in and near the Arctic Archipelago; and (iii) smaller males and two females with calves (not newborn) selected habitat near the ice edge. The segregation of habitat use according to sex, age, and reproductive status relates to the different resources required at different life stages and may represent characteristics of beluga social structure. We discuss our results in the context of two common sexual segregation hypotheses and conclude that summer habitat segregation of belugas reflects differences in foraging ecology, risk of predation, and reproduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".